Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. Advantages of rectalurethral vaginal route are as follows. Researchers gather information about how the drug works, how effectively it works, and its toxic effects. Pdf systemic absorption of a drug depends on its physicochemical properties. Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. Intravenous infusions are commonly referred to as drips the intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver medications and. Administer the vaccines centers for disease control. Oral route is the most common route of drug administration. Absorption after oral administration can be quite variable. You will get here advantages and disadvantages of routes of drug administration. Routes of drug administration subcutaneous sc this involves administration of the drug by injection just under the skin. Route of administration shall consist of an alphabetic term which has a maximum length shall be restricted to 60 characters, with the hyphen and virgule being only punctuation permissible. The type of formulation given to a patient depends upon the type of patient and the condition of the patient such as age, sex, and.
Principles and modes of drug administration springerlink. The purpose of this study was to describe ruralurban differences in roa for nonmedical prescription opioid use. The parenteral route of administration does have its disadvantages. Formulation and routes of administration of drugs notes. Routes of drug administration advantages of inhalation rapid action of the drug, with local effects with in the respiratory tract potent drugs may be given in small.
Various factors govern the effect of orally administered drugs. Study 28 routes of drug administration flashcards from chelsea t. In this lecture local routes of drug administration 1. Emergency or the impossibility of intake by mouth makes the parenteral route. This route of administration is possible if the drug is in liquid dosage form. Pharmaceutic companies manufacture drugs in various forms.
Different routes are oral route, sublingual route, rectal route, parentral routes, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular. Drugs that can be given by the otic route include hydrocortisone to relieve inflammation, ciprofloxacin to treat infection, and benzocaine to numb the ear. Route of administration for illicit prescription opioids. The organ or sites via which a drug formulation enters the body 2. The route of administration affects how quickly a drug reaches the brain. Understand the advantages and disadvantage of various. Most of the drugs can be administered by different routes. Jun 28, 20 classification routes of administration can broadly be divided into. There are many routes of medication administration the way that a drug is placed into the body. Start studying 8 routes of administration of drugs. Routes of drug administration to laboratory animals. Some vaccines are approved by the food and drug administration fda for administration by the pharmajet stratis needlefree injection system. Oral route has a slow onset of action, hence not used in. Routes of drug administration for bns 1st year slideshare.
Routes and techniques of drug administration veterian key. Routes of drug administration objectives describe the pharmacokinetic implications of various routes of administration understand the advantages and disadvantage of various routes of administration from a pk point of view routes of administration enteral to do with gastrointestinal gi tract e. Emergency or the impossibility of intake by mouth makes the parenteral route necessary. Based on the specific medication being used, the rate of absorption desired, and the specific site of action where the medication needs to have an effect your doctor or pharmacist will instruct you on the route of administration needed for you. This route is called urethral route of drug administration. Termination of effect, metabolism andor elimination what does kinetic or kinetics refer to. Parenteral route of administration and dosage forms a drug given parenterally is one given by a route other than the mouth topical dosage forms are considered separately. It may be in the form of tablets, capsules, syrup, emulsions.
The reason for choice of routes of drug administration are governing by various factors. Specialist, regulatory affairs 901 marcon boulevard allentown, pa 18109 re. R outes of drug a dministration to laboratory a nimals common routes. Pulmonary route of drug delivery gaining much importance in the present day research field as it enables to target the drug delivery directly to lung both for local and systemic treatment. Oral route the most common route of drug administration. Factors to be considered when choosing certain route. Routes of administration of a drug are determined by its physical and chemical properties, patient characteristics and the rapidity of response desired. Selecting a right route of drug administration by a physician improves patients health. This route of administration achieves systemic effects by application of drugs to the skin, usually via a transdermal medicated adhesive patch. A drug given parenterally is one given by a route other than the mouth topical dosage forms are considered separately.
Rapid injections are used to treat epileptic seizures, acute asthma, or cardiac arrhythmias. It may be in the form of tablets, capsules, syrup, emulsions or powders. The laboratory mouse handbook of experimental animals. It is a method of delivering the drug directly into the blood stream without having to pass the oral or alimentary mucous layer. Im stands for intramuscular, where intra means within and muscular obviously. Iv injection is the introduction of a medication into the veins using a needle, and. You might have mostly got tablets to consume but at times even syrups, ointments and even injections are given. The administration of drugs by transdermal or transmucosal routes offers the advantage of being. Describe various delayedrelease dosage formulations. Routes of medication administration are described in the table below.
It can be either solid, semisolid or liquid formulations. Use of aseptic technique very very important intravenous iv injections fast action due to avoidance of gi absorption intradermal injected into the dermis. Unless the drugs are used for a long time or used too much, little of the drugs enter the bloodstream, so bodywide side effects are absent or minimal. Drugs are applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes, mainly for local action. The food and drug administration receives more than 100,000 reports of medication errors. Pharmacologist should have a thorough knowledge about the animal handling, route of administration and techniques of blood collection. The route of administration is the way through which the dosage form is administered into the body for treatment of various diseases and disorders. Intravitreal intravitreal is a route of administration of a drug or other substance, in which the substance is delivered into the eye. Alternative routes of drug administration transdermal. Routes of drug administration to laboratory animals authorstream. Effect of route of administration and distribution on drug. These advantages include safety, good patient compliance, ease of ingestion, pain avoidance, and versatility to accommodate various types of drugs sastry et al.
These changes have often resulted in improved patient adherence to the therapeutic regimen and pharmacologic response. Oral drug administration an overview sciencedirect topics. Routes of drug administration play a major role in a medical treatment. Alternative routes of drug administrationadvantages and. A drug administered parenterally is one injected via a hollow needle into the body. Conclusion different kinds of experimental animals are used as models for screening of various drugs. In this video lecture, professor fink identifies the major routes of administration of drugs and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each. Drug administration by mouth and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes. There are various routes of administration available, each of which has associated advantages and disadvantages.
Various routes of administration are possible, including oral, topical, and parenteral. Intravenous usually refers to a way of giving a drug or other substance through a needle or tube inserted into a vein. Dosage forms like the tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions, emulsion are taken by this route. The chemical structure and nature of a drug may determine which route of administration can be used for. A list of commonly used routes of drug administration can be found below, along with useful information about dosage and abbreviations. Figure 6 topical route of drug administration examples 1. Reasons for choosing a parenteral route over the oral route include drugs with low oral bioavailability, patients who are unable to take the drug. Although soliddose forms such as tablets and capsules have a high degree of drug stability and provide accurate dosage, the oral route is problematic because of the unpredictable nature of gastrointestinal absorption.
Routes of drug administration oral po oral administration will be covered in more detail in subsequent chapters. Discuss the advantages of a transdermal dosage form. Once a drug that may be useful in treating a disorder is identified, it is studied in laboratory animals. A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.
Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is. Routes of administration pharmacology linkedin slideshare. Formulations is a mixture in a particular state that the drug is supplied to the patient. Routes of medication administration when giving medications by mouth such as pills or liquids, there are some basic things to remember. Medication errors happen all too often in the united states, even when drugs are given by professionals. Absorption can be fast from aqueous solution but slower with depot formulations. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. The intravenous route of administration can be used both for injections, using a syringe at higher pressures.
Routes of medication administration oral route also called per oral in this route as the name indicates drug is taken by mouth. Our understanding of drug transport across tissues has increased. The path taken by the drug to get into the body is known as the route of drug administration. During the past 20 years, advances in drug formulations and innovative routes of administration have been made. Youre probably familiar with injections and pills that you swallow, but medications can be given in many other ways as well. Intravenous the injection of a drug directly into the patients veins is the most rapid route of administration, resulting in the most rapid onset of action. If the patient is unconscious then it is not possible to give the drug orally. Condition of the patient unconscious, vomiting, diarrhoea. Routes of administration there are many ways that the drug can be administrated to the body for treatment of diseases. Route of administration shall consist of an alphabetic term which has a maximum length. For small therapeutic molecules, various routes for drug administration are parenteral intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous, oral, nasal, ocular. This system administers vaccines by creating a narrow stream capable of penetrating the skin.
Advantages safe convenient self administered, pain free, noninvasive and easy to take economical compared to other parentral routes usually good absorption takes place along the whole length of the gi tract no need for sterilization. Explain the major routes of administration and the advantages and disadvantages associated with each route of administration. What is the best route of drug administration for long term. Routes of drug administration pharmacology 3571 with. Parenteral drug administration their types, advantages. A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid. Oct 15, 2010 nonmedical prescription opioid use has emerged as a major public health concern in recent years, particularly in rural appalachia. Routes of administration factors to be considered when.
Parenteral mode of drug administration that avoids the git. Oral route oral refers to two methods of administration. This is the most frequently used route of drug administration and is the most convenient and costeffective. The oral route of administration is the safest, most economical and the most convenient way of giving medicines. Know the different drug administration routes as oral, rectal, parenteral, inhalation, dermal and mucosal. Advantages and disadvantages of routes of drug administration.
The route of administration is largely dependent on the property of the test substance and the objective of. Over the last 2 decades, the systemic absorption of a broad range of therapeutics after pulmonary application has been demonstrated in animals as well as in. The rate of absorption can vary markedly, depending on the physical characteristics of the drug lipid soluble and skin at the site of application. Routes of drug administration and multiple drug misuse. The intramuscular route is preferred to the subcutaneous route when larger volumes of a drug product are needed. Drug design and development has several stages and takes many years to complete. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Oral respiratory parenteral dermal ocular body cavities. Little is known about the routes of administration roa involved in nonmedical prescription opioid use among rural and urban drug users. This time varies for different types of routes of administrations. What does conjunctival route of administration mean. Drug administration drugs msd manual consumer version.
Drug administration routes science topic the various ways of administering a drug or other chemical to a site in a patient or animal from where the chemical is absorbed into the blood and. Advantages of this topical route include direct, localized delivery to the target tissue, good accessibility into the intraocular environment owing to membrane permeability and large intercellular spaces, avoidance of hepatic firstpass. Make sure that the individual is in an upright and sitting position. The three main parenteral routes of drug administration are iv, im, and sc, and in all cases administration is usually via a hollow needle. Drugs are usually injected into the muscle of the upper arm, thigh, or buttock. We report here on the absorption and the systemic biological. Topical routes of administration topical administration is the application of a drug directly to the surface of the skin includes administration of drugs to any mucous membrane eye vagina nose urethra ears colon lungs 24. Onset of action the length of time needed for a medicine to give its action. A route of administration is the means by which a drug or agent enters the body, such as by mouth or by injection. A parenteral route of administration may be required when the oral route cannot be used. Describe the pharmacokinetic implications of various routes of administration. This presentation describes various routes of drug administration. Various routes of administrations play a marked role in the bioavailability of the active drug in the body. All the routes of drug administration need to be understood in terms of their implications for the effectiveness of the drug therapy and the patients experience of drug treatment.
Intravenous therapy iv is therapy that delivers fluids directly into a vein. Gastrointestinal oral per os through the mouth gavage into the stomach via a tube or gavage needle rectal per rectum into the rectum via the anus npo nil per os nothing by mouth. Many individuals can only swallow one pill at a time. Because the muscles lie below the skin and fatty tissues, a longer needle is used. High molecular weight drugs in general, and peptides in particular, are usually delivered by parenteral route because they are poorly absorbed or degraded in the gastrointestinal tract. Drugs administered by the oral route move through the various parts of. Route of administration an overview sciencedirect topics. Administration of a drug to the conjunctiva, the most frequently used mode of ocular drug delivery. Routes of administration an overview sciencedirect topics.
A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. Routes of administration and dosage forms pharmacology. The mouth route is the most commonly used route of drug administration due to the ease in which the drugs can be taken. Drugs can be given to a person in a variety of formulations.
Effect of route of administration and distribution on drug action. Topics you will be quizzed on include deliveries of drugs and different types of drug creation methods. Routes of drug administration intravenous iv drugs may be given into a peripheral vein over 1 to 2 minutes or longer by infusion. Modes or routes of drug administration vary from the widely followed oral route to parenteral and inhalational routes. Drug and patientrelated factors determine the selection of routes for drug administration. For more information, see the manufacturers website. In addition, the chemical structure of a drug plays an important role in the ability of a drug to cross from the circulatory system into the brain. What is the best route of drug pure chemical compound from marine isolate administration to increase the bioavailability in brain for long term 25 days treatment to rat. Though the mechanisms of action of drugs delivered by these routes are different, they offer a common advantage increased therapeutic index with simultaneously decreased side effects. A route of administration is the path by which a drug,fluid, poison or other substance is brought intocontact with the body. Parenteral administration refers to any routes of administration that do not involve drug absorption via the gi tract par around, enteral gastrointestinal, including the iv, intramuscular im, subcutaneous sc or sq, and transdermal routes. To obtain a general effect, the drug is usually given by oral or parenteral route. Dosage form design may also be used modify the rate of absorption.
These routes are called as routes of medication administration. Route of administration plays a significant role in the incidence of hypersensitivity as iv administration causes a significant number of hypersensitive responses 643% whereas im or subcutaneous routes cause far lower incidences 614%. Never give pills or liquids to an individual lying down. There are four principal routes of drug administration.
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